We have thank God had the good fortune of haveing one of our Guinea Sloops come in, tho after along passage of 79 days in which time they buryed 37 Slaves & Since 3 more & 2 more likely to die which is an accident not to be helped, and which if had not happend we Should have made a Golden Voyage but as it is there will not be much left I fear, unless the other Sloop meets with better Luck A full transcript is available. The enslaved people were treated so badly on the slave ships that about 15 of them died during the Middle Passage. Millions of African people were shipped to the Americas over the Middle Passage. Hand out Document C and D and have students complete the corresponding section of the Graphic Organizer for Documents C and D. The Middle Passage was the part of the Atlantic slave trade where African enslaved people were brought to the Americas on slave ships. Livingston’s callous description demonstrates the slave-trade investor’s emphasis on the financial loss, rather than the human cost: In contrast to the textbook passage, Philips provided far more details about conditions that the crew and enslaved people faced during the Middle Passage. Historians generally believe that the first set of enslaved Africans to land in the world that was new to Europeans were transported by a Portuguese ship, the Sao Joao. On July 29, Robert Livingston reported to Petrus Dewitt on several business dealings-including the loss of the slaves from the Rhode Island. (Click here for a report on the deaths among Africans on the Rho de Island.) Slaver ships were specifically designed for maximizing the numbers of African men, women, and children that slave-trading captains and their crews could bring to the Americas. By the time the vessel arrived back in New York in July 1749, "they buryed 37 Slaves & Since 3 more & 2 more likely to die." According to historian Philip Misevich, a loss of 32 percent of the slaves on a voyage was extremely high and it was therefore most likely a financial disaster for the Livingstons. The conditions for enslaved Africans crossing the Atlantic Ocean in the Middle Passage were brutal and deadly. It arrived in West Africa on January 18, 1749, and over the next four months Captain Peter James acquired 120 slaves along the African coast. In 1748, the sloop Rhode Island, owned by the prominent Livingston family, left New York on a slave-trade voyage. The shrieks of the women, and the groans of the dying, rendered the whole a scene of horror almost inconceivable. Introduction The Middle Passage was the forced voyage of captive Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas. This wretched situation was again aggravated by the galling of the chains, now become insupportable and the filth of the necessary tubs, into which the children often fell, and were almost suffocated. This produced copious perspirations, so that the air soon became unfit for respiration, from a variety of loathsome smells, and brought on a sickness among the slaves, of which many died, thus falling victims to the improvident avarice, as I may call it, of their purchasers. The closeness of the place, and the heat of the climate, added to the number in the ship, which was so crowded that each had scarcely room to turn himself, almost suffocating us. Olaudah Equiano, a former slave, described the horrors of the middle passage in The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, published in 1789.
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